Hannah Hoch and James Rosenquist --Insiders and Outsiders...

With the rise of industrialization, globalization, and mass production, the manufacturing productivity has been dramatically increased and accordingly the availability of consumer goods. And with the rise of the mass media, various products have been targeted on broad groups of consumers. Consumerism, which is propelled by a system of mass production and high levels of consumption, has been one of the themes in art works from twentieth century till now. In regard to consumerism and gender, I find two figures—Hannah Hoch and James Rosenquist--connected. Hoch once worked for a womens magazine of the huge Ullstein Press while Rosenquist once earned his living as a billboard painter at Artkraft-Strauss. They had been working within†¦show more content†¦Firstly, Hoch and Rosenquist select subject matters from mass-produced consumer goods that they might have been working with. Both Hoch and Rosenquist, as spectators of the mass media and consumer world, give us a â€Å" snapshot† into the consumer world. For Hoch, she tapped into industrialization and the fashion world. We see mechanical elements in The Beautiful Girl such as the tire, machine handle, BMW logos, industrial bench, and watch. And elements of the New Woman of German Weimar period--bobbed hair, makeup, and exposed legs. (Geneva 2008) For Rosenquist, The Light That Won’t Fail I contains depictions of common consumer objects such as the comb, socks and woman smoking, which would have shown in billboard advertisements. Secondly, the medium that Hoch and Rosenquist use witnesses how mass media, industrialization, and mass consumption marched. The photomontage is like a poster or a magazine page while the oil painting is like most large-scale billboard paintings. The Beautiful Girl and The Light That Won’t Fail I are given the feel of an advertisement. In Hoch’s photomontage and Rosenquist ‘soil painting, we see Hoch and Rosenquist were engaging with the ne w forms of mass media of their time periods. Hoch, as Dadaist, made a great contribution to developing photomontage as medium of representation. Dada artists replaced paint all together, making use exclusively of ready-made

Tesco Boston Matrix and Ansoff Matrix - 1156 Words

Access to Business Unit Title: Marketing - Level 3 Credit Value: 6 credits Tutor: Alison Unwin Unit Code: 3-BA1-045 Email: aunwin@centralbeds.ac.uk This unit has 4 learning outcomes. LEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT CRITERIA PROPOSED ASSESSMENT EVIDENCE (TBC) Assessment Evidence Answer paper The Learner should be able to: 1. Establish the importance of the marketing environment The Learner can: 1.1 Analyses the difference between micro and macro environmental factors 1.2 Compare and contrast a minimum of two tools such as SWOT and POWER SWOT and apply to business solutions 1.3 Critically contrast Primary and Secondary research methods 2.1 Evaluate the use of tools such as Boston and Ansoff Matrix to business situations 2.2†¦show more content†¦You will be required to advise the business on a number of aspects and give a written report to your selected business. Please choose a business that you would like to use as your case study for the whole unit. Choose carefully and pick a business that you find interesting or already work/ed for. You will be required to research the business and its marketing strategies, so make sure your business has plenty of information available to you via various research methods, i.e. publications, internet, journals etc.. 3 Learning Outcome No 1 (Establish the importance of the marketing environment) Answer paper 1.1 Analyse the difference between micro and macro environmental factors Please use your chosen business and analyse the difference between the micro and macro environmental factor that concern your business. First explain the difference between micro and macro environmental factors and then give details on the micro and macro environmental factors that could impact your chosen business. 1.2 Compare and contrast a minimum of two tools such as SWOT and POWER SWOT and apply to business solutions Use your chosen business and describe and use at least two marketing tools such as SWOT, POWER SWOT and PESTLE analysis to assist with various business solutions that your chosen business may come across. Examples could include: Expansion, new product, new market,Show MoreRelatedBcg Matrix Is A Model Developed Via The Boston Consultancy Group1691 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' BCG Matrix The BCG matrix is a model developed via the Boston Consultancy group within the early 1970’s. It is a good known device for an advertising manager. 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Supportive Investment Strategies MS ware pursuing growth investment strategy that can be explained with help of Ansoff growth model. 1.3.2. Ansoffs Product/Market Matrix The Ansoff matrix entails four possible product/market combinations: Market penetration, product development, market development and diversification (Ansoff 1957, 1989). Ansoff Model |Existing Products |New Product | |Existing | | Read MoreStakeholder Analysis7681 Words   |  31 Pagesawareness in the countries of Central Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey). That is not only dictated by the fact that the Polish economy is withstanding the condition of the global recession. It is as well because Tesco, who is one of their main customers is going to be investing millions of pounds in those markets. It has been said that in Poland  £ 0.5 billion will be invested. That is why McCue has spotted an opportunity in those markets and is focusing on establishingRead MoreEnvironmental Analysis19492 Words   |  78 Pagesonly into account the external environment. It is equally important to consider internal factors. SWOT analysis is the name given to a full analysis of internal and external factor. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis, or sometimes known as the TOWS Matrix, is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture or in any other situation of an organization or individual requiring a decision in pursuit of an objectiveRead MorePorters Generic Strategies Framework3419 Words   |  14 Pagescharge an average price while following the low cost leadership strategy and reinvest the extra profits into the business (Lynch, 2003). Examples of companies following a cost leadership strategy include RyanAir, and easyJet, in airlines, and ASDA and Tesco, in superstores. The risk of following the cost leadership strategy is that the companys focus on reducing costs, even sometimes at the expense of other vital factors, may become so dominant that the company loses vision of why it embarked on oneRead MoreWhat Is Porters 5 Forces Analysis? What Are the Main Aspects of Porters 5 Forces Analysis? How to Write Good Porters 5 Forces Analysis of a Company? Where to Find Information for Porters 5 Forces Analysis.2761 Words   |  12 Pagestime by low buyer power (Porter, 1998). Bargaining power of suppliers exists in the following situations: • Where the switching costs are high (switching from one Internet provider to another); • High power of brands (McDonalds, British Airways, Tesco); • Possibility of forward integration of suppliers (Brewers buying bars); • Fragmentation of customers (not in clusters) with a limited bargaining power (Gas/Petrol stations in remote places). The nature of competition in an industry is strongly

Security Issues Addressing Cloud Computing - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Security Issues Addressing Cloud Computing? Answer: Introduction The Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery of Colorado is a small business organization that has been profited by the introduction of new point of sale system in the year 2008. The system compiled all the essential business data for improving the decision making process of the Nursery. The point of sale system allowed the owners to track the business data and sales transaction in real time that helps in enhancing the estimation process (refer to appendix 1). This system has considerably helped the organization in increasing the amount of profit as previously, with the system of manual record keeping the amount of profit of the nursery was negligible. The timely availability of the product information helps in proper maintenance of the inventory (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The report gives an overview of the different advantages, disadvantages and risks associated with the new point of sales system. Advantages and Disadvantages of POS system The advantages of the new point of sales system are as follows (refer to appendix 2)- The new point of sale system eliminates the need of manual tracking of the sales by allowing the owners to track the transactions immediately. Therefore, the new point of sales system makes the tiresome process of compiling the sales history considerably simple. Furthermore, it eliminates the possibility of error in updating the sales details manually (Stadtle 2015). The new point of sales system increases the accuracy of the financial data of the system. With the implementation of the system, the manual entry of the sales transactions is eliminated as well. This reduced the number of errors in calculation of the financial data and associated with the sales. The new Point of sales system furthermore helped in carrying out the vital tasks of business such as estimation of inventory and sales in a relatively lesser time in comparison with the manual data keeping system. This is because the details of the sales and the inventory are updated in real time (Diallo, Rodrigues and Sene 2012). The accurate and flawless data keeping by the point of sales system have considerably helped the organization with their business decision-making process. The accurate inventory count and negligible guesswork have furthermore helped the business in operating in a leaner inventory unit. A proper report of the detailed transaction of inventory items such as the number of units purchased, sold or discarded is now possible to obtain with the help of the point of sales system, which was earlier impossible due to the manual record keeping. The new point of sales system has considerably helped the organization in understanding and identifying the higher profitable products. The perspective of real cost have considerably helped the organization in shifting the production to the higher profit items thereby increasing the profit percentage. The real time reporting has furthermore helped the managers in becoming more effective with their business operation. The new system has furthermore helped in controlling the employee schedule and allocating labour expenses to the specific departments and functions, as it has been easier to track the requirements with the help of the new point of sales system. This function helps the owners in delegating more responsibility to the staffs for establishment of the accountability within Four Seasons. However, with the numerous advantages, there are certain disadvantages as well. The disadvantages of the new point of sales system are as follows- Implementation of the point of sales system is a somewhat costly for small and medium sized enterprises. This is because in order to implement the system within the organization, various hardware and software configuration changes are needed in the organization. This indicates investment of a huge amount of money for the system. It is very essential to impart training to the staffs of the organization in order to make them understand the operation of the new point of sales system. Incorrect operation of the system might lead in generation of the erroneous data or incorrect results. The system needs a regular maintenance. The organization will have to invest a certain some of money for the maintenance of the system. However, if the system is successfully implemented within the organization, it will help the organization in gaining competitive advantage in the marketing, thereby increasing the profit percentage as well. The disadvantages of the system are negligible in comparison to the advantages it offers to the organization. The Competitive advantage of the Business The implementation of the new point of system is expected to offer various competitive advantages to the business organization in the market place. The competitive advantage that the business gain by implementation of the new point of sales system are as follows- The point of sales system integrates all the business operation in a single place. This helps in clear view of the business operations thereby helping in proper management of the business. This in turn helps in gaining a competitive advantage in the market place. The elimination of the manual record keeping of the financial transactions helps achieving a correct data set that in turn helps in improving the business operations of the organization. This certainly provides a competitive advantage to the organization in the market place. Since the new point of sales system helps in tracking the most profitable product and proper management of the inventory, it helps in producing the more profitable product thus giving the organization a competitive advantage in the marketplace (Romney and Steinbart 2012). The major competitive advantage of the company in implementing the new point of sales system is that apart from helping the organization in proper management of the inventory goods, it also helps in proper management of the labours and the employees of the organization (Peppard and Ward 2016). Therefore, it can certainly be said that the new point of sales system will help the Four Season in gaining Competitive advantage in the market. Advantages of having a centralized database The advantages of having a centralized database are as follows- A centralize database considerably improves the data preservation as all the important information regarding the sales and other financial data are stored in a single place (Coronel and Morris 2016). A centralized database improves the data security as storage of data in a central storage limits the security risks the data can face. Centralized database further helps in reducing the cost of the cost of storage, increases the speed of data process. Furthermore, it offers a proper disaster recovery technique and decreases the risk of data manipulation (Stair and Reynolds 2013). It is a cost saving solution and increases the operational efficiency of the organization. The POS in facilitating decision-making The new point of sales system integrates the different operations of the organization thus facilitating the decision making process. The point of sales systems processes the business activities more effectively by providing an accurate data of inventory and sales. For example, in Four Seasons, the products were ordered merely on basis of speculations and there were no proper inventory data. However, with the implementation of the POS system, the units of the products are no longer ordered based on speculations, thus helping the business in operating on a leaner inventory units (Hall 2012). The manual information tracking is difficult to conduct in an effective manner, as it is not only time consuming but also prone to human errors. Therefore, it becomes very difficult to track the information in an effective manner (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Thus, the implementation of the new POS enhances the decision making process. With the implementation of the new POS system, it has been easier to track the inventory and the sales. It is easier to answer the questions related to the amount of purchased orders, orders sold, and orders discarded. Furthermore it increase the control over the employees of the organization as well, thereby facilitating the decision making process (Pearlson et al. 2016). The accurate information provided by the new POS system will help in effective management of all the processes running within an organization. Proper knowledge about the detailed product costs helps in managing and producing products that are more profitable. Furthermore, the detailed management information offers control over schedules and labour expenses as well thereby enhancing the process of decision-making. Telecommunication options There are different types of network options for the implementation of POS in Four Seasons, such as LAN, WAN and MAN. LAN or local area network shares a common wireless communication link to the server within a distinct geographical location. WAN or Wide Area Network on the other hand interconnects a multiple LAN connection in a distributed geographical location. Metropolitan Area Network or MAN interconnects the users with the computer resources in a specific geographical area or region. It is beneficial for the organization to implement the new POS system in WAN (Zhang et al. 2012). This will help the employees of the organization in easier access and management of the data. Furthermore, WAN centralizes the IT infrastructure thereby helping in centralized data management (Barakah and Ammad-uddin 2012). A wired network connection although increases the security of the network, it is a very costly process. Furthermore, it becomes very difficult to manage a wired connection in a wide area network. Therefore, it is recommended for the Four Seasons to establish a wireless network connection for the new POS system. Business Risks The new POS system although offers various advantages to the organization, it is exposed to a number of risks as well (Zissis and Lekkas 2012). The implementation of the system in a wireless network increases the security risk. This is because a wireless network is very vulnerable to attacks and can lead to data loss or data theft. This security risk can be avoided by installing a proper intrusion detection system in the network. The storage of companys data in a centralized database might invite a privacy risk as the database can be compromised due to various virus and malware attacks. This can be prevented by proper data encryption and protection of the system by an up to date antivirus (Al Ameen, Liu and Kwak 2012). Tracking the sales and financial data with the help of the new POS might invite breach of the confidentiality of the customers data due to data compromise by the hackers of loss of data due to malware or security attack. This can be prevented by storing of data in encrypted form and enforcing authorization levels for data access. Conclusion Therefore, it can be deduced that, implementation of the new POS system will considerably help the Four Seasons in obtaining competitive advantages in the marketplace. The report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the POS system proposed along with the business risk and organization might face while implementing the system. The report further suggests the different risk mitigation process for the identified business risks. Recommendations A proper plan is to be made for implementation of POS and should be implemented according to the needs In order to increase the security and privacy of the data, proper intrusion detection system is to be installed. It is recommended for the organization to allocate proper time and money for the system maintenance. References Al Ameen, M., Liu, J. and Kwak, K., 2012. Security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks for healthcare applications.Journal of medical systems,36(1), pp.93-101. Barakah, D.M. and Ammad-uddin, M., 2012, February. A survey of challenges and applications of wireless body area network (WBAN) and role of a virtual doctor server in existing architecture. InIntelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation (ISMS), 2012 Third International Conference on(pp. 214-219). IEEE. Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016.Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Diallo, O., Rodrigues, J.J. and Sene, M., 2012. Real-time data management on wireless sensor networks: A survey.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,35(3), pp.1013-1021. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hall, J.A., 2012.Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. accounting Sons. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons.

The French Revolution; Social Classes free essay sample

Three main social groups coexisted during the French Revolution: Clergy or â€Å"First State†, the Nobility or â€Å"Second State† and the bourgeoisie and the peasants or â€Å"Third State†. No matter that the â€Å"Third State† was the majority of the French population, the right of property was unequally distributed since 10% of the total property was owned by 1% of the population and 97% of the population owned only 55% of the total French land. (S6). Besides, the â€Å"Third State† was subject to several taxes benefiting the clergy and the nobility and its members could barely survive because they were also obliged to give for free the products they cultivated from the land. The â€Å"First State† wanted to keep the existing â€Å"status quo†. That meant to keep its privileges, its possessions and the exemption from taxation. Their reluctance to accept changes generated violence and terror resulting in the beheading of King Louis XVI and many other people (S8). We will write a custom essay sample on The French Revolution; Social Classes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The â€Å"Second State† enjoyed privileges that ranged from ownership of big pieces of land to exemption of taxation and specific taxes established on their benefit (S2). The bourgeoisie was the middle class composed of merchants that was the main thrust behind the French Revolution. The bourgeoisie wanted power and privilege commensurate with their place in business and administration. A severe financial crisis of the monarchy, a lack of food and particularly bread (S3) plus severe limitations posed to their aspirations by the â€Å"First and Second States† are the main reasons to explain the French Revolution. By 1794, the bourgeoisie reasserted its control but could not consolidate itself through representative institutions, so it had to surrender its power to Napoleon Bonaparte (S4). When Bonaparte is defeated by the Russians in 1812 and during the restoration (1814-1815) the bourgeoisie found the regime it most suited its aspirations no matter its limited electorate and constitutional government setting. The Third State was integrated by the peasants. They represented 26 million people 97% of the French population and as it was mentioned before, they were the owners of only 55% of the total territory of France. Without their participation the French Revolution could have not been realized. Their complaints were the most important matters of the National Assembly. However, there were no peasant members in that assembly. When they realized that their demands were neglected no matter that they were the majority of the French population, they decided to give a full strike to the â€Å"establishment† causing the French Revolution to crystallize. Peasants wanted equality for everyone (S2 and S5) since they had suffered abuses and exactions that benefited the â€Å"First and Second States†(S11 â€Å"Le peuple sous l’ancien regime). The monarchy called the Estates-General hoping to pacify social unrest and demands but on the contrary it provided the occasion for the bourgeoisie to seize power and reshape social, legal and political institutions according to its own interests (S12). After a long period away from power, during the restoration (1814-1815) they were able to regain power but for a brief period of time. The Third State proposed that a civilized society should be built on liberty, equality and fraternity and that it could attain those objectives through the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Among those principles enshrined in that declaration are : men are born equal in rights; every society should aim at the common wellness; sovereignty resides exclusively on the nation; that law has to be approved as a result of a consent of the majority; freedom of speech and religion; the elimination of the difference between rich and poor people and the establishment the principle according to which every country had to have three independent powers executive, legislative and judiciary to run a successful government(S12). As a result the Clergy and the Nobility lost most of their privileges. Generation of authorities was only possible through democracy and not through autocratic processes (S7 and S10). Responsibility to educate young generations was transferred from the clergy to the civil government (Packet 3, Page 45-46). National Constituent Assembly operated a profound change in every aspect of the French political, legal and judicial systems giving preeminence to the bourgeoisie over the Clergy, Nobility and the Peasants. However, Peasants also met their aspirations that were to overthrow the monarchy and become equal in social standards with the nobility. In addition, the Directory (1795-1799) transformed the Republic into a Military dictatorship. In the end, the meaning of the words â€Å"liberty†, â€Å"equality† and â€Å"fraternity† that inspired the French Revolution ended up having different meaning for the social classes involved in the French Revolution. Overall, the poverty had the best effect of the French Revolution.

Telstra SWOT Analysis and Marketing Strategies Essay Essay Example

Telstra SWOT Analysis and Marketing Strategies Essay Essay IntroductionTelstra Corporation is a telecommunications and information services company. It provides a scope of services including fixed line services. Internet entree. and concern services. Telstra is the market leader in the telecommunication industry in Australia. with one of the most outstanding trade name names. However. its merchandises and operating services face an increasing menace from rivals. An analysis with recommendations of Telstra selling is necessary in order to better its public presentation. 2. 0 SWOT Analysis2. 1 Strengths†¢Telstra is one of the biggest trade names in Australia and dominates the taking concern place of telecommunications and information services in this state. †¢Telstra owns and operates an extended web substructure which will give it a competitory advantage over industry challengers. whose webs fail to cover all of Australia. particularly the distant and rural countries of the state. We will write a custom essay sample on Telstra SWOT Analysis and Marketing Strategies Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Telstra SWOT Analysis and Marketing Strategies Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Telstra SWOT Analysis and Marketing Strategies Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †¢Telstra has the latest engineering on Mobile ( Next G Network ) and broadband ( ADSL 2 Plus ) to vie with other telecomm operators. †¢Telstra has 115 owned Telstra branded shops and 153 accredited stores that are strategically located across Australia. 2. 2 Weaknesses†¢Telstra is deficiency of enterprise to diversify internationally and limits its growing scheme. †¢The monetary value of nomadic phone and broadband programs are much higher than those of the other companies. †¢Telstra reduced fixed line advertisement and invested a immense budget on advancing new merchandises such as Next G Network. †¢Telstra is maintaining concentrating on postpaid Mobile phone programs instead than prepaid nomadic phone. 2. 3 Opportunities†¢Telstra is the Australian government’s contracted informations provider. Through a authorities enterprise. Telstra expanded its CDMA web to rural countries. Therefore. the company has one of the most extended CDMA webs in Australia. †¢Telstra has expanded their services into a extremely demanded subdivision of the telecommunications market with the execution of 3G. It leads to the increasing demand for broadband. †¢The increasing demand for broadband has been a displacement from dial-up to ADSL 2 Plus broadband connexions. And seemingly. it will be followed by the immense demand for the faster Internet entree among the bing users. 2. 4 Threats†¢The nomadic phone market about reaches impregnation in Australia. †¢The client behaviour has significantly changed ; Telstra will happen it progressively hard to vie for new clients. †¢Telecomm equipment was damaged by bushfires. †¢ACCC mandated entree to Telstra’s local web by publishing local cringle unbundling makes the competition fierce in Australian telecom market. 3. 0 Marketing Situation Analysis3. 1 Existing and Potential SegmentsIt is really of import to specify market in footings of section. as it will ease fine-tuning the attempts to aim the market. Based on Telstra’s selling research. the mark sections are aimed towards understanding and fulfilling its client demands ( Shanahan 2006 ) . As Telstra services a broad demographic of clients. its merchandises are segmented harmonizing to the different mark markets. Telstra’s nucleus concerns are land lines. nomadic phones. cyberspace and information services. And its current sections are single A ; household. little concern. concern endeavor and authorities. Basically. Telstra has covered most of the available sections in its concerns. For the future enlargement of Telstra. the company should supply better services to the bing cleavages and besides aim the international market. Telstra could offer new services such as music downloads and streaming media. which require broadband entree velocities. development of faster and cheaper broadband engineerings. and authorities plans to widen broadband coverage. For nomadic phone clients. Telstra could add more 3G content for diversenesss need. This altering tendency would be one of the cardinal growing drivers for Telstra. As the biggest telecommunication supplier in Australia. Telstra should widen its market internationally. Developing states. such as China and India. are the possible market for Telstra in the Asia-Pacific part. And the mark sections may include rural country ( Farms ) . concern and authorities. 3. 2 Telstra Market PositioningTelstra’s mark sections are based on cognizing clients and run intoing their demands. And its placement scheme is to show the valuable differences on merchandises and services offered and create competitory advantages. To place Telstra and capture its mark sections most efficaciously. the followerss need to be taken into consideration: †¢Important: the cardinal difference to advance is the range and dependability of Telstra merchandises and services. †¢Distinctive: advance the typical characteristics such as the easy entree to broadband via Mobile. Satellite. ADSL2 Plus and the drawn-out characteristics of utilizing nomadic phones. †¢Superior: promote quality and the multi-functional applications of our merchandises and that services are superior to most of our rivals. †¢Communicable: the above mentioned characteristics are catching and clients can easy place the differences. †¢Affordable: the above mentioned competitory advantages offer high value benefits and our mark market can afford the monetary values. †¢Profitable: one of the cardinal standards for choosing the above competitory advantages is that the company can present them productively. 4. 0 Marketing aims: The selling aims of Telstra for the hereafter market are: †¢To section the industry and concentrate upon the mark client group in the identified mark part. †¢To create public consciousness plans targeted at these markets and place them consequently. †¢To place the company as unique. offering specific merchandises to the mark clients that satisfy their demands. †¢To continue international enlargement and growing. peculiarly in Asia Pacific Region. 5. 0 Marketing StrategiesThe 7 P’s selling scheme is the cardinal component in marketing maps. All the selling aims mentioned above can be achieved in pattern by bettering the current bing selling strategies5. 1 ProductTelstra provides assorted merchandises and services in the telecommunications industry. They are land lines. nomadic phones and the cyberspace. Telstra must guarantee that its merchandises are run intoing the demands of the clients. In a merchandise life rhythm. the different characteristics of the merchandise should be observed. such as quality confidence. engineering and visual aspect. For case. after the cyberspace velocity is observed to execute ill through customers’ experiences. Telstra need to maintain the broadband innovate and better the public presentation. Telstra ferociously competes with the bing conventional nomadic phone service suppliers. and the turning market and untapped potency will present Telstra to the more ferocious competition. Consequently. the point is to distinguish Telstra on the impression of customers’ services and merchandises invention. and set up Telstra as a Modern high-tech telecomm company. Customer service could be one of the competitory advantages. Therefore. Telstra should better the ways to supply information or aid such as through 3G phone broadband. S. M. S and video message to clients. 5. 2 PriceTelstra seems to put monetary values higher than rivals on some of its merchandises offered. This means that the house is less willing to take part in monetary value wars and is more willing to repair monetary values. The pricing policy that Telstra chooses will reflect the market aimed at. Monetary values may be set to pull clients or to maximise net income. They may even be prepared to endure from short-run losingss in order to obtain a big market portion. Telstra may utilize such pricing policies as cost based pricing ( monetary values are based upon costs ) . market orientated pricing ( monetary values are based upon the analysis of the market ) and competition based pricing ( monetary values are mostly based on how rivals charge for their merchandises ) . 5. 3 PromotionTelstra would utilize publicity techniques to derive a competitory advantage. This could be done by above-the-line publicity ( publicity through an independent media ) . such as telecasting advertizements. newspaper advertizements. wireless and postings advertizements. and below-the-line publicity ( the house has a grade of control over the methods it uses ) . such as personal merchandising. direct mailing. trade carnivals and merchandise indorsements. Telstra has spent a batch of money on large name sponsorships such as Telstra Dome. Telstra Stadium and National Rugby League. However. patronizing a name may non be the best manner to pull clients. Telstra can cut down the outgo on large name publicity and put more money on advertisement through other methods such as nomadic phone S. M. S competition. blue tooth engagement study and unrecorded experience narratives on Telstra’s merchandises. 5. 4 PlaceTelstra shops are widely located throughout Australia. Telstra should maintain up their attempts on good placement in order to derive a non-price competitory advantage over the other market suppliers. For international market. it’s good for Telstra to turn up its ain stores in the chief metropoliss of other states instead than hold a joint venture with local traders. It will construct up Telstra’s image and trade name acknowledgment in those states. 5. 5 PeoplePeople with assorted non-English speech production backgrounds are employed by Telstra to function consumers. That is a cardinal component to fulfill the clients. Telstra takes people into consideration in the selling mix really earnestly. Therefore. it should maintain developing staff in order to cover with clients better. and holding the staff seting themselves in the customer’s place to understand what the clients want and speaking to the clients on the same degree. for illustration. they should non utilize proficient slang to the clients. 5. 6 Physical EvidenceEven though the good is intangible. the client can still experience that the physical environment of the shops. This will be displayed by the spending of the shops and the memorabilia such as Rugby squad shirts in the instance of Telstra. The psychical grounds is really of import because it will act upon the customers’ first feeling to the merchandises. The Telstra shops are clean and tidy. However. compared with Vodafone and Hutchison 3. Telstra shops are excessively crowded and packed in the metropolis. Therefore. in order to derive a better image from clients. Telstra should re-arrange the merchandises show and do more infinites for clients in peak hr times. 5. 7 ProcessSometimes Telstra will hold some study to clients in order to supply better services. For illustration. clients will be asked about the jutting clip spent on the phone and what clip they use the phone or international calls in order to happen the best trade. However. this may be a hinderance to the clients. particularly when they feel that excessively many inquiries are asked. Telstra should see the merchandising procedure as an of import component. if it hopes that the clients can acquire their merchandises as fast as possible and what the clients require. The enigma shopping revealed that client was being pressurized by staff when buying a Telstra Mobile phone. It resulted in an unenjoyable experience for the client. Besides. the new users took a longer clip to use for the latest engineering following G web due to strangeness with the new merchandise. Telstra should develop staff to service clients better in order to do the clients get the merchandises they want without fuss. A more efficient manner to buy merchandises and services on the Telstra web site will besides rush up the purchasing procedure. 6. 0 Selling Actions and ProcessesFor Telstra’s future enlargement and effectual execution of the selling schemes mentioned supra. the undermentioned selling actions need to be executed: †¢Continuing to transform its corporate civilization and assign an image embassador to better public dealingss with the corporate aim of functioning the clients better. †¢Establishing on-going staff preparations in order to update new products’ information and service clients better†¢Promotions on advanced merchandises and services including a scope of informations and information services such as wireless communications markets and 3G webs. †¢Collecting informations and feedback from clients and suggestions on merchandises and services. †¢Marketing selected international investing. acquisition and confederations. peculiarly with endeavors engaged in nomadic telecommunications. informations. the Internet or content-based concerns. †¢Using its broadband capablenesss to develop and market extra broadband applications and to foster penetrate to the wage telecasting market in Australia. 7. 0 Marketing Measurement and Monitoring ProcessesTelstra can implement assorted measuring and monitoring techniques to accomplish the selling aims better. †¢Gain feedbacks from Telstra clients through questionnaires†¢Give feedbacks to employees on their public presentation through training†¢Regard service quality of the employees as a critical standard in the motive mechanism†¢Record the gross revenues of each employee to bespeak the efficiency respectively†¢Monitor client and employee interactions during concern operations†¢Measure the alteration in abroad market share8. 0 ConclusionThe selling schemes are prepared for accomplishing Telstra’s selling aims. Currently Telstra has merely few direct rivals. However. the untapped and possible market will surely present Telstra to core rivals in the hereafter. The new Next G Network market is still in nascent phase and to be explored. The entry to this market gives Telstra many chances to research and derive footage in the market but at the same time it is accompanied by many challenges. The turning concern about engineering inventions will heighten the market growing in the hereafter ; this tendency is a major input to the continuity in this concern. Telstra still has to go on research and development to make better merchandises with improved characteristics. 9. 0 Mentions Shanahan J. 2006. Consumer-centricity: An thought whose Time Has Come. Australian Marketing Institute. viewed on 5 December 2006. Optus. viewed 24 January 2007 Hutchison 3. viewed 24 January 2007. Telstra. viewed 24 January 2007 Vodafone. viewed 24 January 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. vodafone. com. au/ gt ;

Gold Rush essays

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Advertising Strategy Impact On Consumer Buying Behaviour Marketing Essay

Advertising Strategy Impact On Consumer Buying Behaviour Marketing Essay Introduction: Understanding the advertising strategies is an important which determines the consumer motivation towards the purchase decision making. Depending on the nature of the product consumer will follow a certain distinctive stages which will form the purchase decision making process. Consumer purchase decision making process starts with problem recognition like identification of a problem or unfulfilled need of the consumer than the search for information. They can search information by different ways like impulse purchase decisions, internet, advertising etc. Then they will evaluate the alternatives and finally make the purchase decision. The final part of purchase decision making process include post-purchase evaluation. This is a very important sector for all the marketing managers to satisfy their after making the purchasing decision by checking whether the products meet the level of expectations or not. Advertising is a paid, mediated form of communication from an identifiable source which is designed to persuade the receiver to take some action at now or in the future. (Richards and Curran, 2002) 1.2 Problem Definition: Advertising strategy has an impact on consumer buying behaviour. Advertising strategy is a campaign developed to communicate ideas about the product and services to potential customers for convincing them to buy those products or services (www.enotes.com). the advertising strategy should be built in a rational and intelligent manner will reflect business consideration like overall budget and brand recognition and objectives such as public image enhancement, market share growth. 1.3 Rationale: Retail industries in UK are facing problems of understanding the consumer behaviour. Consumer interest to a particular product can be increased by their advertising strategy. Advertising strategy should be made in such a way which will understand the consumers mind and satisfying the needs and wants of the consumers. I want to use this study to protect customer rights and to increase awareness in customers mind. Also I want to raise the issue of establish societal marketing concept by the company, where a company should play an ethical role in the society for the benefit of society and normal consumer. 1.4 Organizational Background: This research is based upon Tescos advertising strategies to motivate their customers. Tesco is one of largest retail industry in UK. In the year 2000 Tesco has launched in UK. At the year 2001, Tesco launches `Customer Champions in many stores an in many implement a new labour scheduler to further improve service for customers and Tesco becomes the leading organic retailer in the UK and reaches to  £1 billion price cuts. In 2002, Tesco enters to Malaysia and offers Free-From products designed for customers with special dietary needs. In 2003, Tesco entered in Turkey and Japan in order to expand their business. Day by day Tesco is increasing their business in different areas and in 2004 Tesco enters in China and launched own-brand Fair trade range and Broadband. At this time tesco.com become the first major British supermarket to enter music and download music. In the year 2005, Tesco Home plus launches and Tesco announces annual profit of  £2 billion and Tesco exists the Taiwanese market in an asset swap deal with Carrefour involving stores and operations in the Czech Republic. In 2006, Tesco Direct launched and in 2007 Tesco opens Fresh and Easy in the US. In 2008, Tesco announces plans to establish cash and carry business in India and acquires 36 hypermarkets in South Korea from Homever. Tesco also launched discount brand and personal finance acquisition in this year. In the year 2009, another advertising strategy club card re-launched in the UK with  £150 million investment offering customers the opportunity to double up their vouchers. (www.tescoplc.com, 2010) 1.5 Research Background: At present, retail companies are giving aggressive advertisement to attract customers which impacts great changes on customers buying pattern. Sometimes their advertising strategy leads to un-ethical issues in the society. So, general customers and people in the society have been affected by enormous advertisement. This study will explore that issue. 1.6 Research Questions: What is the concept of advertising and consumer buying behaviour in the context of retail industries? What is the impact of advertising strategy on consumer buying behaviour in the UK retail industry? What is the impact of Tescos advertising strategy on the buying behaviour of its customers? 1.7 Research Objectives: Critically review literature on advertising and consumer buying behaviour in the context of marketing and business strategy in the UK retail industry. Collect and analyze the data obtained through questionnaires targeting Tescos customer and interview the managers. Literature Review 2.1 Indicative Literature Review: The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate knowledge of relevant literature. Identifies key debates, concept and theories. Following two key points are the backbone literature of the proposed research topic: Advertising Customers buying behaviour The aim of this literature review in this report is to identify the literature gap. 2.2 Advertising: One of the major goals of advertising must to generate awareness of the business and its products. Once the business is established and its products are positioned in the market then the advertising will increase and develop consumer loyalty to the product. Definition of advertising: Advertising is any paid form of nonpersonal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) A dictionary definition of advertise would be to make known: to inform. All advertisements can be seen to offer information, and can be regarded as communications about products, services and organizations. Viewed in this way, advertisings purpose can be seen as communication, but since all advertisements contain persuasive elements directed at the ultimate purpose of a sale, advertising must also provide motives. Consumers must be moved towards purchase; ideas must be communicated.(Geoff Lancaster et. all,2002) 2.3 Advertising Decisions: Marketing management must make four important decisions when developing an advertising program, and evaluating advertising campaigns. Campaign evaluation Communication Impact Sales impact Message decisions Message strategy Message execution Budget decision Affordable approach Percent of sales Competitive parity Objective and task Objectives Setting Communication objectives Sales objectives Media decision Research, frequency, impact Major media types Specific media vehicles Media timing 2.4 Advertising objectives: There are some major objectives of making the advertising such as building brand image, providing information, persuasion, supporting marketing efforts and encouraging action. An advertising objective is a specific communication task to be accomplished with a specific target audience during a specific period of time. Advertising objectives can be classified by primary purpose whether the aim is to inform, persuade, or remind. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) Following table will illustrate core advertising objective. Informative Advertising Telling the market about a new product Describing available services Suggesting new uses for product Correcting false impression Informing the market of a price change Reducing consumers fears Explain how the product works Building a company image Persuasive Advertising Building brand preference Persuading customer to purchase now Encouraging switching to your brand Persuading customer to receive a sales call Changing customers perception of product attribution Reminder Advertising Reminding brand preference Keeping customer to purchase now Encouraging switching to your brand during off seasons Changing customers perception of product attributes Maintaining its top-of-mind awareness 2.5 Setting the Advertising Budget: After determining its advertising objectives, the company next sets its advertising budget for each product. Four commonly used methods such as; affordable approach, percent of sales, competitive parity, and objective and task. A brands advertising budget often depends on its stage in the product life cycle. For example, new products typically need large advertising budget to build awareness and to persuade consumers to try the products. In contrast, mature brands usually require lower budgets as a ratio to sale. Market share also impacts the amount advertising needed: Because building the market or taking share from competitors requires larger advertising spending than does simply maintaining current share, low-share brands usually need more advertising spending as a percentage of sales. 2.6 Developing Advertising strategy: Advertising strategy consists of two major elements: creating advertising messages and selecting, advertising media. In the past, companies often viewed media planning as secondary to the message-creation process. The creative department first created good advertisements, then the media department selected the best media for carrying these advertisements to desired target audiences. 2.7 Creating the Advertising Message: Good advertising messages are especially important in todays costly and cluttered advertising environment. Just to gain and hold attention, todays advertising messages must be better planned, more imaginative, more entertaining, and more rewarding to consumers. Message strategy is the first step in creating effective advertising messages is to decide what general message will be communicated to consumers- to plan a message strategy. Message execution is the second step. The advertiser has to turn the big idea into an actual ad execution that will capture the target markets attention and interest. The creative people must find the best style, tone, words, and format for executing the message. Any message can be presented in different execution styles, such as; Slice of life Lifestyle Fantasy Mood or image Musical Personality symbol Technical expertise Scientific evidence Testimonial evidence or endorsement. 2.8 Selecting Advertising Media The major steps in media selection are: Deciding on reach, frequency, and impact. Choosing among major media types. Selecting specific media vehicles. Deciding on media timing. 2.9 Advertising Evaluation: The advertising program should evaluate both the communication effects and the sales effects of advertising regularly. Measuring the communication effects of an ad- copy testing tells whether the ad is communicating well. Copy testing can be done before of after an ad is printed or broadcast. Before the ad is placed, the advertiser can show it to consumers, ask how they like it, and measure recall or attitude changes resulting from it. After the ad is run, the advertiser can measure how the ad affected consumer recall or product awareness, knowledge, and preference. 2.10 Importance of Advertising strategy: The importance of advertising strategy are the following:- Advertising strategy will help to reach the large number of customers across different geographic markets. Effective advertising will allow larger audience to be reached with specific messages. Depending on media used, cost of reaching individuals can be lowered compared to other forms of communications. Advertising can be used to provide information for consumers at different purchasing stages. Advertising strategy will be effective in awareness creation at early stages of new product launched. Advertising strategy include a wide range of media to carry the advertising. 2.11 Advertising strategy framework: For the development of the advertising strategy it is useful to use different theoretical framework which are the following:- Hierarchy of effects model: This model will help to clarify the objectives of the advertising strategies as well as the objectives of a particular advertisement. It is also helpful to identifying the communication strategy. This model describes that a business buyer or a consumer moves through a series of six steps to make a purchase like awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and the actual purchase. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) Means-End Theory: The second theoritical model of Advertising strategy called the means-end chain. An advertisement contains a message or a means to lead the consumers a desired end state. Here the end-states include the personal values. The purpose of the means-end chain is to cause a chain reaction in which viewing the ad leads to the consumer to belief the product will achieve one of these personal values. The means-end theory model suggests that there are five elements in creating advertising like the product attributes, consumer benefits, leverage points, personal values and the execution framework. This model is designed to move the consumers through these five elements. Thus, the attributes of the product should be linked to the specific benefits consumer can derive and these benefits can lead to the attainment of a personal value. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) Leverage Point model: The hierarchy of effects model and the means-end chain approach are associated with leverage point methods. A leverage point is such a feature in the ads that lead the viewers to transform the advertising message into a personal value. To construct a quality leverage point, the marketers tries to build a pathway connecting a product benefit with the potential buyers value system. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) Verbal and visual images: The final type of advertising model is called verbal and visual images model. Here the degree of emphasis is given on the visual elements. Visual images often lead to more favourable attitudes toward both the advertisement and the brand. Visuals also trend to be more easily remembered than a verbal copy. Visual elements will be stored in the memory as both pictures and the verbal copy. This dual processing makes it easier for people to recall the message and also visual images are usually stored in the left and right hand sides of the brain while verbal messages are tend to be stored in the left side of the brain only. (Kenneth E. Clow and D. Baack, 2002) 2.12 Customers Buying Behaviour Consumers around the world vary tremendously in age, income, education level, and tastes. They also buy an incredible variety of goods and services. How these diverse consumers connect with each other and with other elements of the world around them impacts their choices among various products, services, and companies. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) 2.13 Models of Consumer Behaviour Buyers black box Buyer Buyer Character- Decision Istitcs Process Marketing and other stimuli Marketing Other Product Economic Price Technological Place Political Promotion Cultural Buyer responses Product choice Brand choice Dealer choice Purchase timing Purchase amountConsumers make many buying decision every day. Most large companies research consumer buying decisions in great detail to answer questions about what consumers buy, why they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy. Marketers can study actual consumer purchases to find out what they buy, where, and how much. But learning about the whys of consumer buying behaviour is not so easy the answers are often locked deep within the consumers head. This figure shows that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses. Marketers must figure out what is in the buyers black box. Marketing stimuli consist of the four Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Other stimuli include major forces and events in the buyers environment: economic, technological, political, and cultural. All these inputs enter the buyers black box, where they are turned into a set of observable buyer responses: product choice, brand choice, dealer choice, purchase timing, and purchase amount. The marketers want to understand how the stimuli are changed into responses inside the consumers black box, which has two parts. First, the buyers characteristics influence how he or she perceives and reacts to the stimuli. Second, the buyers decision process itself affects the buyers behaviour. (Kotler Armstrong, 2004) 2.14 Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behaviour Consumer purchased are influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics. For the most part, marketers cannot control such factors, but they must take them into account. 2.15 Cultural Factors: Cultural factors exert a broad and deep influence on consumer behaviour. The marketer needs to understand the role played by the buyers culture, subculture, and social class. Cultural Culture Subculture Social class Social Reference groups Family Roles and status Personal Age and life-cycle stage Occupation Economic situation Lifestyle Personality and self-concept Buyer Psychological Motivation Perception Learning Beliefs and attitudes 2.16 Types of Buying-Decision Behaviour: There are four types of buying-decision behaviour such as: Complex buying behaviour: Consumers undertake complex buying behaviour when they are highly involved in a purchase and perceive significant differences among brands. Consumers may be highly involved when the product is expensive, risky, purchased infrequently, and highly self-expressive. Typically, the consumer has much to learn about the product category. Dissonance-reducing buying behaviour: It occurs when consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent, or risky purchase, but see little difference among brands. Habitual buying behaviour: It occurs under conditions of low consumer involvement and little significant brand difference. Variety-seeking buying behaviour: consumers undertake it in situations characterized by low consumer involvement but significant perceived brand differences. In such cases, consumers often do a lot of brand switching. 2.17 The Buyer Decision Process: Post purchase behaviour Evaluation of alternatives Information search Need recognition Purchase decision Need recognition: The first stage of the buyer decision process, in which the consumer recognizes a problem or need. Information search: The stage of the buyer decision process in which the consumer is aroused to search for more information; the consumer may simply have heightened attention or may go into active information search. Alternative evaluation: The stage of the buyer decision process in which the consumer uses information to evaluate alternative brands in the choice set. Purchase decision: The buyers decision about which brand to purchase. Post purchase behaviour: The stage of the buyer decision process in which consumers take further action after purchase, based on their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction A good research methodology gives a clear picture of what the aims of the field work should be. In the main, the purpose of the primary research would be to identify some of the key issues behind the Tescos advertising strategy. This methodology chapter will begin by briefly looking at the theoretical underpinning underlying the carrying out of a marketing research activity. Thus it can be argued that regardless of the nature of the study, understanding the nature and limitations of various data collection methods can enable a researcher to better understand the data collected and the limits of their interpretation. Following this review, the chapter then goes to consider the choice of method and its implementation, with the entire attendant stages involved. 3.2 What is Marketing Research? Johnson (1994 cited in White 2003, p21) defined research as a focused and systematic enquiry that goes beyond generally available knowledge to acquire specialized and detailed information, providing a basis for analysis and elucidatory comment on the topic of enquiry. Any type of researches, including both marketing and academic research, contains the basic characteristics of a research activity. Cooper and Schindler (2006, p4) have argued that marketing research is a systematic inquiry that provides information to guide marketing decisions. 3.3 The Marketing Research Process The research process is the route map of any type of research. Aaker et al (2004, pp 43-5) have argued that by and large any research activity or study contains seven steps, as follows: (1) Agree on the research process. (2) Establish research objectives. (3) Estimate the value of information. (4) Design the research. (5) Collect the data. (6) Prepare and analyse the data. (7) Report the research results and provide strategic recommendations. 3.4 Qualitative Research Following the broad overview above, this section now briefly looks at the type of approaches in use in practice. 3.5 Definition Once a research approach is decided, researchers will need to focus on the research methods. Hague (1992, p120) argued that marketing research surveys include two main groups. They are quantitative and qualitative researches. Denzin and Lincoln (2003, p4) considered that generic definition of qualitative research could be described as qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world. 3.6 Qualitative versus Quantitative In terms of the differences between them, Wright and Crimp (2000, pp 374-5) argued that qualitative research uses description by words and pictures, while quantitative research uses measurement and number. Hague and Jackson (1999, pp 17-8) believed that quantitative research emphasizes accuracy whereas qualitative research emphasises understanding rather than simple measurement. Hague (1992, p123) also argued that qualitative researches enables researchers to better understand the subject matter more so than quantitative researches. In conclusion, quantitative research emphasises the accuracy and quantity dimensions. On the other hand, qualitative research emphasises the nature or quality aspects. Given the nature of the problem posed in this study, it can be argued at this stage this study will utilise a more qualitative approach since we do not understand the reasons for the present push of Abu Dhabi as a destination and where exactly it will be positioned in the minds of consumers. 3.7 Quantitative Research Quantitative research methodology deals with areas that can be expressed in numbers. It will tell researchers, for example, what proportion of the population uses luxury cars and what their ages and occupations are; what it will not do very easily is tell researchers why those people prefer such cars. Main quantitative research techniques are; Survey Questionnaire 3.8 The Survey Survey involves the systematic application of representative sampling, questionnaire design, information collection and statistical analysis techniques to obtain data which describes aspects of a market in as much detail required by the research user. The size of the sample is determined by a combination of factors including the structure of the market being examined, the level of detail required and the accuracy levels required at the overall cost of the research. (Malhotra, 2004) Figure : A classification of survey methods Traditional TelephoneTelephone InterviewingPP Personal Interviewing CC Computer Assisted Telephone InterviewingSS Survey MethodsEE Electronic Interviewing II In-HouseMM Mall Interviewing MM Mall InterceptCC Computer Assisted personal InterviewingMM MailMM Mail panelEE E-mailII Internet Source:Naresh.K.Malhotra, 2004 3.9 The Questionnaire They are a valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from a large number of respondents. Good questionnaire construction is critical to the success of a survey. Inappropriate questions, incorrect ordering of questions, incorrect scaling, or bad questionnaire format can make the survey valueless. A useful method for checking a questionnaire for problems is to pretest it. This usually involves giving it to a small sample of respondents, then interviewing the respondents to get their impressions and to confirm that the questions accurately captured their opinions.(Burns Bush, 2003). McDaniel and Gates (2005, p318) believed that questionnaire is a set of questions designed to generate the data necessary to accomplish the objectives of the research project. To design a questionnaire, they proposed a ten-step process as follows: -Step one: Determine survey objectives, resources and constraints. -Step two: Determine the data collection method. -Step three: Determine the question response format. His basic format of a questionnaire is closed-ended questions. Its main consideration is that it is more convenient for the respondents to utilise. But as will be seen in Appendix, this study used mainly open-ended questions because of the problem being investigated. One of the advantages is that it can provide more clues to analyse and judge the response (Aaker et al 2004, p320). -Step four: Decide on the question wording. -Step five: Establish the flow and layout. -Step six: Evaluate the questionnaire. After the first draft, the questionnaire should be reviewed. The main purpose is to make sure that all questions will collect necessary data which will accomplish the aim of the study. -Step seven: Obtain approval of all relevant parties. -Step eight: Pre-test and revise. -Step nine: Prepare the final copy. -Step ten: Implement the survey. 3.10 Sampling Methods Aaker et al (2004, p373) believed that sampling is useful when the population size is big, the cost is limited and time is limited. They argued that time spent on each would be limited if sampling is used properly and hence the quality of responses would be improved. In terms of the suitable situations of using each, Aaker et al (2004, pp 387-90) argued that non-probability sampling can be used in exploratory research as follows: judgemental, snowball, convenience, and quota sampling. For this study, judgemental sampling method is chosen mainly for the time limitation. 3.11 E-mail Survey More recently, the use of the e-mail survey method has become more common place. Aaker et al (2004, pp 167-8) are of the view that there are some advantages in collecting primary data by this means. The include: (1) It is speeder than the traditional postal mail. This study has benefited from this means since it was possible to contact potential respondents and solicit their co-operation well before the interview took place (2) It usually saves many of the costs involved in regular mail surveys (3) There are no intermediaries. E-mail is usually read only by the recipient, so that the respondent chosen by the researcher is usually the one to answer the questions (4) It is more convenient for the recipient. 3.12 Choice of Data Collection Method and Its Implementation In this study quantitative research method will be used to get accurate output from the study. The key element is face to face interview. The process is given below: 3.13 Face-to-face interviews (with an interview schedule/open-ended questions: See Appendix 1) with selected Tescos customers and line managers charged with responsibility of trading in the Tesco store. It was felt that given the time it took to respond to a request for interview that a questionnaire survey would have been far less satisfactory. In addition, in that part of the world face-to-face encounters are considered more respectful particularly when attempting to elicit answers from operational managers and customers. Nevertheless, the process was cumbersome and entailed constants with customer service in order to fix dates and diaries. The process took well over three months (from August to October, 2010). The researcher is of the view that the responses elicited do provide a good overall picture of the advertising strategy and its impact, was useful to the study. Hypothesis Statement: Problem question: How do advertising strategies impact on consumer buying behaviour? H0: Advertising strategies have an impact on consumer buying behaviour. H1: Advertising strategies have no impact on consumer buying behaviour. Limitations of the Research: The limitation of this research is to submit this project within a short period of time and for that reason some of the important issues may have not been discussed on this research. Another limitation can be limited sources of secondary information available in the market and thats why this research can not use a major sources of information in order to make an extensive project. PROPOSED TIME-TABLE: Following table will illustrate the possible deadlines and dates to complete the proposed dissertation properly on time. AREAS WK 1 WK 2 WK 3 WK 4 WK 5 WK 6 WK 7 WK 8 WK 9 WK 10 WK 11 WK 12 Identification Of Issue Literature Review Research design

Heideggers Critique of Cartesianism Essays -- Philosophy Papers

Heidegger is one of the few Western thinkers to have succeeded in going beyond the Western philosophic tradition. Because his radical criticism is believed to have fractured the foundations of modern philosophy, his thinking is usually at the center of the controversy between the defenders of the tradition and those who wish to break with it and start afresh. In the heat of this debate, the question of Heidegger's place in relation to that tradition in general and to Cartesianism in particular has been neglected. I wish to address the question by focusing on the major aspects of Heidegger's critique of Cartesian philosophy and the modern tradition. I will first show that the strength of his criticism lies in its all-encompassing penetration of the foundations of modern philosophy, running through both the ontological and epistemological channels. Ontologically, Heidegger presents a critique of subjectivism; epistemologically, he discredits the correspondence conception of truth and i ts underlying visual metaphor. I will then look at his view of history and the meaning of his concept of "overcoming" in order to show that his aim is not to destroy the tradition, but to provide a wider basis for it by rescuing forgotten elements imbedded in the tradition itself. Finally, I will show that in this process of "overcoming," Heidegger did not really depart from the tradition, but absorbed some of its basic tenets, as his concept of death echoes major elements of Cartesian doubt. 1. The Critique of Subjectivism One of the major features of Heidegger's thinking is his criticism of Cartesian subjectivity. According to Heidegger, in regarding the ego cogito as the guarantor of its own continuing existence and as the basis of all things... ...d: Basil Blackwell, 1980); Abbau can be find Heidegger's Basic Problems of Phenomenology (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Verbindung is discussed mainly in "The Principle of Identity," in Identity and Difference (New York: Harper and Row, 1969, pp. 23-41); for Uberwindung see Heidegger's Nietzsche. (4) Nietzsche, vol. 4 p. 97. See Aristotle's words: "that which is called a substance most strictly, primarily, and most of all, is that which is neither said of a subject nor in a subject, e.g., the individual man or the individual horse." (Aristotle's Categories, 2a 11-13). (5) Heidegger, Basic Problems of Phenomenology p.111. (6) Heidegger M., Discourse on Thinking New York: Harper and Row, 1966, p. 7. (7) Nietzsche, vol. 4, p. 106. (8) Heidegger, M. History of the Concept of Time, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992, pp. 316-317.

History of the Phantom of the Opera Essay

In 1911, Gaston Leroux published Le FantÔme de l’Opera, the now famous book that gave birth to the legend of the Phantom.   Leroux had been fascinated by the mystery and design of the Paris Opera House.   As a theatre enthusiast, he had toured all the levels of the Opera House including a visit to the underground lake, cellar and hidden passageways. The mysterious events at the Paris Opera House which ignited Leroux ‘s interest began with Napoleon III’s call for a new opera house to be built in Paris in 1860, after he had survived an assassination attempt one evening when returning from the Opera.   The construction of the Opera House, faced many delays and construction stopped during the Franco Prussian War. After the war, the then unfinished Opera House was occupied by the working class who used it as a warehouse, observation post, communications center, military post and a powder store.   The cellar was once used as a torture chamber.   The new Paris Opera House was finally finished in 1875.   Finally, adding to the mystery, an unfortunate incident occurred in the Paris Opera House in 1896, a counter-weight of six and a half ton chandelier fell from the ceiling, killing a patron. Gaston Leroux always claimed that the ghost in the story was true, based on his investigations and tours of the Opera House.   He is quoted as saying: â€Å"The Opera ghost really existed.   He was not, as was long believed, a creature of the imagination of the artists, the superstition of the managers, or the absurd and impressionable brains of the young ladies of the ballet, their mothers, the box-keepers, the cloak-room attendants, or the concierge.   No, he existed in flesh and blood, though he assumed all the outward characteristics of a real phantom, that is to say, of a ghost.†Ã‚   (Leroux, G, n.d) In 1925, began the chain of events that would give rise to the phenomenon of the Phantom.   Universal Studios made the first film of the book – the silent movie, Phantom of the Opera, which starred Lon Chaney Snr.   A second version of the film, this time with sound and color, starring Claude Raines was produced in 1943.   Followed by a Spanish version in 1962, and a 1974 version starring Herbert Lom and Heather Sears. The Phantom was produced twice on stage in 1935 and 1975, without much success. Then, in 1986, the legend of the Phantom of the Opera would become one of the most famous stories in the world, when Andrew Lloyd Weber’s Musical – Phantom of the Opera hit the stage in London.   In the 21 years since the Musical began, it has broken all theatre records and is now the longest running Broadway Show in History. The success of the musical spurred the movie industries interest again in 2004, with a moderately successful movie called â€Å"Phantom of the Opera† based on Andrew Lloyd Webber’s opera.   Critical acclaim for the movie has been varied. The Phantom has outlived his creator who died in April 1927 and has become iconic to the 20th and 21st Century.    History of the Hit Musical – The Phantom of the Opera   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical The Phantom of the Opera opened in London’s Majesty Theatre on 9 October 1986.   In the original London Cast, â€Å"The Phantom† was played by Michael Crawford, and â€Å"Christine† by Sarah Brightman (then wife of Andrew Lloyd Webber). The original creative team of the Phantom was: Harold Prince  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Director Cameron Mackintosh  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Producer Andrew Lloyd Webber  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Composer, Book, Co-orchestra Maria Bjà ¶rnson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production Designer    While Andrew Lloyd Webber had already been phenomenally successful with productions like Evita and the Sound of Music, â€Å"The Phantom† made stars of the actors and creative team members. The musical is still running 21 years later (2007) in London, Broadway (N.Y) and touring worldwide.   The Phantom has won over 50 awards including 3 Olivier, an Evening Standard Award, 7 Tony’s and 3 Outer Critic Circle Awards. At the time of writing, it is estimated that over 80 million people have seen the musical, with total ticket sales of over $3.2 billion.    Reviews of the Phantom of the Opera: The Daily Mirror’s first review of the Phantom of the Opera in 1986: It’s fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical! It’s fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical! From the eerily flickering lights that greet you outside Her Majesty’s Theatre to the last, glorious curtain call, Andrew Lloyd Webber’s long-awaited new musical, Phantom of the Opera, is a triumph. The special effects are among the most spectacular ever seen in the West End. The music is very bit as memorable as one would expect from the man who wrote Evita, Starlight Express and the rest. But most of all, the show belongs to Sarah Brightman and Michael Crawford, who soar and swoop through their hugely demanding roles like eagles. After all the well-publicised false starts and back-biting, Lloyd Webber has created a musical which deserves to be around well into the next decade. The story is based closely on the original novel of 1911 – unlike most of the Phantom of the Opera films which have been made over the years. Michael Carwford’s Phantom hides his hideously disfigured face by skulking in the stage caverns and pools deep beneath the Paris opera. His passion for music is the only thing which gives his life meaning until he becomes obsessed by Sarah Brightman’s Christine – a young opera singer whose beauty is matched only by the purity of her voice. He coaches her in secret while visiting dreadful catastrophes on anyone who refuses to advance her career. A hanged scene shifter is suddenly hideously dropped on to the stage in the middle of a performance. A vast crystal chandelier crashes on to the audience. As the phantom becomes more fiendish so Christine becomes increasingly mixed in her feelings towards him. A dreadful climax is fast approaching. The eerie sets of the unfolding drama – great stages filled with mist and shining candles – are interspersed with all the colour and spectacle of the operas being prepared and presented at the theatre. Despite all the â€Å"ghost train† theatricals the greatest thrills of the show come from Michael Crawford. He not only sings superbly but also captures the torment of the Phantom perfectly. If you only see one show this year, make sure it is this one! (Blake, J, 1986) In 2002, The Times wrote: Long-runners One answer is obvious: Maria Bjà ¶rnson’s stunning designs. The story, based on Gaston Leroux’s novel, begins on the Paris Opera’s stage in 1911. The building is dusty and neglected, the stage festooned with great swags of grey fabric. Old theatrical props are being auctioned off. Then, as the auctioneer announces the final lot — the opera’s enormous chandelier — the dustsheets fall away, the scene seems almost to dissolve and the theatre travels back in time to 1881 before our very eyes. It’s a vision of gaudy grandeur: gas lamps flicker, red velvet glows in the light and plaster nymphs and satyrs frolic on pillars. The opera is dogged by misfortunes that are rumoured to be the work of the Phantom, a malevolent figure who haunts the theatre. This sinister creature has become obsessed with Christine Daaà ©, a pretty chorus girl. But only cadaverous Madame Giry, the formidable ballet mistress, knows the terrible secret that lies behind the mask the Phantom wears. The musical’s best sequence occurs when the Phantom leads Christine through labyrinthine passages to his lair beyond a hidden lake underneath the building. As their boat glides over the misty water, surrounded by flickering candles, the effect is breathtaking. The problem is that this spectacle takes place early on and nothing afterwards can really compete. Harold Prince’s direction is slick and Gillian Lynne’s choreography effective, but Lloyd Webber’s music is often trite and dated. There’s little depth to any of the characters, either, yet the musical’s central relationship intrigues. For while Christine is Beauty to the Phantom’s Beast, she is haunted, not only by the opera ghost, but by the memory of her dead violinist father. This lends a pleasingly perverse Freudian twist to the erotic tension between the two characters, and the performers John Owen-Jones and Celia Graham make the most of it. Not only are they both excellent singers, they are fine actors too. Graham brings both passion and a childlike neediness to her portrayal of Christine. Owen-Jones uses his rich, powerful voice to great effect, crooning one moment, spitting bitterness the next. But the real star of the show is Bjà ¶rnson’s work. The designer died earlier this month, aged 53, and if Phantom has stood the test of time, it’s because of her. It is not the music audiences will remember; it’s the opera’s chandelier swinging crazily over the stalls, or a masked figure crouched menacingly over a gilded angel. And for those images alone, this show is still worth seeing. (Marlowe, S,   2002) The New York Times revisited the Phantom in 2005 and wrote this review: New York Times revisits the Phantom Old and Ghostly but Still a Hoot The paint on the balconies of the Majestic Theater looks chipped and the electronic drum machine sounds like something left over from a music video from the 1980’s. But â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera† really shows its age (17 years and running) when the signature special effect is presented. Musicals have opened and closed in the time it takes that chandelier to lumber to the floor. Looking like one of Ed Wood’s teetering flying saucers, it crashes to the stage with the force of a shopping cart, the biggest, most extravagant anticlimax in town. Seventeen years later: Sandra Joseph and Hugh Panaro are now playing the roles of Christine and the Phantom. Under the fearsome shadow of Hugh Panaro in â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera.† But what do you expect? It was designed during the Reagan administration. For a top-of-the-line chandelier, you will have to wait for the $40 million production of â€Å"Phantom† opening in Las Vegas next spring. But if the technology of the Broadway show seems a bit quaint, the real news is that the rest of the production has grown old gracefully. Judging by sheer invention, emotional punch and onstage talent, the venerable blockbuster still beats out almost all of the whippersnappers currently on Broadway. Maria Bjornson’s flamboyant gothic design and Harold Prince’s fantastical staging still have the gleam of finely polished professionalism. Led by the current Phantom (there have been 10 after Michael Crawford), Hugh Panaro, an up-and-coming musical theater star who finds the right mix of shock and schmaltz, most of the cast retains the freshness of opening night. That does not mean that Andrew Lloyd Webber haters, a large and very grumpy contingent, will be won over. Sorry, â€Å"The Music of the Night† hasn’t changed. Nor has Charles Hart’s bumbling lyrics (â€Å"You have brought me to that moment when words run dry†). But for those sentimental souls looking for a popular entertainment to transport them to a baroque, romantic new world with a powerful smoke machine, â€Å"Phantom,† I’m happy to report, still delivers the goods. Which is especially impressive, given that not long ago, the musical seemed to be on its last legs. By the fall of 2003, its peers â€Å"Miss Saigon,† â€Å"Cats† and â€Å"Les MisÃÆ' ©rables† had faded away. Ticket sales were down and rumors of its demise were common around Broadway. Flash-forward to today: crowds are lined up around the corner to see the show, which regularly sells out. Last week, 99 percent of the seats were filled. In January, barring a strike, disaster or nuclear holocaust, â€Å"Phantom† will eclipse â€Å"Cats† as the longest-running show in Broadway history. What happened? For one thing, it received a boost from Joel Schumacher’s film version of the musical, which opened in December. Even though it wasn’t a smash hit, the movie introduced a new audience to the show (as evidenced by the large number of young girls at the Majestic) and reminded old ones how superior the musical is. In fact, the bombastic film may be the only thing that makes the musical look understated. Mr. Prince, who continues to oversee casting and reportedly checks up on the show every few months, deserves credit for tending to it with care. When the box office dipped, he never panicked and cast a former Backstreet Boy for a short-term boost in sales. Unlike so many long-running shows, â€Å"Phantom† has not resorted to stunt casting. Although don’t be surprised if Mr. Panaro, who has been rumored on theater Web sites as the choice to star in â€Å"Lestat,† Elton John’s vampire musical heading to Broadway next season, becomes a household name someday. A young, charismatic actor, he brings a maniacal energy and Grand Guignol charm to the tortured Phantom. In his hands, the show concentrates more on the horror than the romance; but only once does he turn to the audience and growl – which, considering how scenery chewing this role could be, counts as admirable restraint. Surrounding him is a solid supporting cast who deliver disciplined performances free of the lazy flourishes that sneak into a role when an actor becomes bored by repetition. As the diva Carlotta, Anne Runolfsson flashes a hundred-watt smile and shows off a richly textured voice in the opening song, â€Å"Think of Me.† Jeff Keller and George Lee Andrews, the only actors with major roles who have been with the company since the beginning, are marvelous as the nervous theater managers who made the mistake of buying the Paris Opera House. In 2001, Mr. Prince had them switch roles to keep things fresh. Sandra Joseph (who doesn’t perform Wednesday evenings or Saturday matinees) is perfectly competent as Christine, although in her scenes with the Phantom she can come off as a bit bland. As her other love interest, Raoul, a terribly underwritten role, Tim Martin Gleason provides a strong voice and a stiff performance. In the romantic songs, one’s mind easily wanders to the bitingly funny Lloyd Webber parody in â€Å"Spamalot,† which droned on and on until the stars looked tired of their own voices. Then again, the winking and eyebrow-raising in satirical musical comedies like â€Å"Spamalot† and â€Å"The Producers† are part of what makes the proudly melodramatic and unironic â€Å"Phantom† a nice change of pace. The musical may seem as if it is from a different time, but that’s not necessarily a bad thing. (Zinoman, J, 2005) Personal Review:    The Broadway production of The Phantom of the Opera captures your attention right from the start and then you will be you will be drawn into a mysterious world of horror, romance and tragedy. Your journey keeps you spellbound through resonating songs sung by a handpicked cast, Maria Bjornson’s magnificent sets and costumes to both delight and frighten you. Gaston Leroux’s gothic novel comes to life through Andrew Lloyd’s Webbers’ Phantom.   The musical beautifully combines a mixture of genres, performed through opera, leaving the audience entrapped in a tragic tale of love. Whether you are recovering from fright or floating on Phantoms’ songs – this musical will keep, you entertained, wistful and somewhat disturbed leaving you thoughtful as to who should triumph in the end. New fans and old are still being enraptured by the phenomenon of The Phantom.       Works Cited: Blake, J, (1986) It’s fantastic, fabulous and phantasmagorical!, The Daily Mirror U.K. Retrieved 04/18/2007, http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/news_mediareviews_story.php?id=38 Leroux, G. n.d. Quotation Phantom of the Opera Official Site. Retrieved 04/18/2007, http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/show/the_show_history_filmography.php Marlowe, S, (2002), Long Runners, The Times, UK.   Retrieved 04/18/2007 http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article805339.ece Zinoman, J, (2005), New York Times revisits the Phantom: Old and Ghostly but Still a Hoot, The New York Times, USA.   Retrieved 04/18/2007 http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com/poto/news_mediareviews_story.php?id=216    Bibliography: Paris Opera House (n.d.), Music of the 19th Century Paris, Opera. Retrieved 04/18/2007 http://gallery.sjsu.edu/paris/music/opera/opera_house.html The Phantom of the Opera (n.d.), Official Website.   Retrieved 04/17/2007, http://www.thephantomoftheopera.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚